Analytics

CRO/Sponsor

Clinical Operations

Clinical Trial Supply Chain

DE&I

Data Management

Early Phase Development

Emerging Technology

Executive Roundtable

Feature Article

Industry Trends

Investigative Sites

Metrics and Benchmarks

Oncology

Online Extras

Patient Participation

Peer-Reviewed Articles

Protocol Design

Real World Evidence

Regulatory

Risk-Based Monitoring

Study Start-Up

Therapeutic Areas

Trial Design

Vendor Strategy & Collaboration

eClinical

mHealth

News

Publications

All Publications

E-Books

Media

Editorial Podcasts

Editorial Videos

Conferences

Conference Coverage

Conference Listing

Columns

All Columns

A Closing Thought

Clinical Trial Insights

View from Brussels

View from Washington

Resources

Advertise

Blogs

Brand Insights

Events

Front & Center

White Papers

Webcasts

Subscribe

Latest solutions, case studies, interviews, practical articles for clinical trials operations, data management, technology, investigative sites and services.

About

Contact Us

Editorial Contacts

Do Not Sell My Personal Information

Privacy Policy

Terms and Conditions

Applied Clinical Trials Online

LinkedIN

Instagram

Twitter

Facebook

Youtube

Soundcloud

Threads

Spotlight

2023 Salary Survey

Topic

1rem

Authors

How one large academic trial adopted a coordinating center model-helping drive early-model RBM gains

Exploring the Role of the Regional Coordinator

The largest antihypertensive trial ever conducted throughout North America, ALLHAT, was organized using a coordinating center model for oversight. Regional coordinators played a key role in carrying this trial out.

Carie Pierce, SVP, global head of growth & business development, DIA discusses how the organization is looking to expand into different global regions and continue leading awareness for the clinical research industry.

DIA's Objectives for the Remainder of 2024

ACT: What are your goals or objectives for DIA for the remainder of the year?

 There are so many things that we're looking to do and a piece of that is DIA is a global organization, and what makes us most effective is being able to have that global voice. We're really looking at expansion into countries that we haven't had as much presence in. We've had a very concerted effort in the Middle East and Africa, including bringing board members who focus on the Africa market onto our board. We've also hired a general manager in the Middle East based in Egypt to be tapping into that market and really trying to work with the regulators, the academics, a number of folks, the biotech companies in that region to create a more global view. Additionally, we've really been spending a lot of time working with our partners in Korea and Japan, and again, just markets that it's very important to continue to represent the entire world and make sure those voices are pulled into what we're doing.

The other thing that we're going to be spending a lot of time on are some of our research projects. We have a handful of research projects in the works, one looking at patient tolerability, back to the topic we spoke about earlier, but including that voice in the development of oncology treatments. So, how do we capture that definition and incorporate that in an objective way into clinical trials? That's a research study that we're working on in.

In conjunction with some academic partners, we also have some consortium work that's going on right now looking at the reimbursement model for participants in clinical trials, which ties back to the DE&I question as well. We want to make sure that clinical trials are available for everybody to participate, not just the wealthy, that financial barriers are not the reason that people can't participate in clinical trials, and that's a big part of really tapping into, again, making sure that you get people in the trial that are going to be the intended user of those products. We'll be pulling through some landscape analyses, looking at the industry and what they're doing on that topic, and different pharma companies and biotech companies—what their policies are and what's really in their mind as they're thinking about shaping the future of their policies to address those topics. I think that those are two of the areas, again, just looking at the global perspective growth, making sure that we can continue to evolve.

The last thing I'll say is making sure that we're really on the forefront of cell and gene therapy and the incorporation of some of the new AI tools, and really revamping some of our content to be more relevant for the topics that are happening right now, and making sure that we're really staying at the forefront of that, and that we're working closely with the regulators and also with the tech companies to understand what's happening and make sure that that's being included in the work and the workshops that we're preparing for the future.

In part 4 of this video interview, Carie Pierce, SVP, global head of growth & business development, DIA discusses how the organization is looking to expand into different global regions and continue leading awareness for the clinical research industry.

Approximately 80% of clinical trials will face delays at some point in the trial process. Jason Gagner talked with 

 about how PurpleLab uses real-world data to better inform trials and improve their success rates.

Utilizing real-world data (RWD) to assist clinical trials achieve key milestones

Employing a criteria specific geographic analysis of patient populations to expedite site feasibility assessments

Understanding the impact of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in clinical trials on meeting trial objectives and timelines

Integrating social determinants of health (SDOH) data to minimize patient dropout rates

Accelerating Clinical Trial Lifecycle

Jason Gagner (Vice President of Product for Healthcare, PurpleLab) discusses  clinical trial variables and how PurpleLab is working to maintain patient retention and accelerate site feasibility. 

PurpleLab Accelerates Clinical Trial Lifecycle with Real-World-Data

Over the last two decades, clinical trials have increased in complexity by approximately 61%. Additionally, data volume has grown to be too complex and resource consuming to be processed manually. As a result, patient data is dispersed over so many various systems, that it’s impossible to get a clear picture of the patient, making it difficult to understand how they’re responding to treatment – thereby impeding a patient’s time to recovery.

Data Volume, Complexity, Cost: Current Challenges in Clinical Trials and How Saama’s Patient Insights Can Help

 held a roundtable event focused on the current state of sustainability in clinical research. A number of viewpoints were represented, including from contract research organizations (CROs), sponsors, and laboratories. Experts discussed a variety of topics, such as the carbon footprint of research, the use of technology, reaching underrepresented populations, and the clinical supply chain.

: What is the current state of sustainability in clinical research? What are currently our greatest challenges?

Bill Sterling, Senior Director of Environmental, Health and Safety, Q

: I think there’s growing enthusiasm. There’s certainly a lot of enthusiasm at Q

 for sustainability initiatives. There’s a sense of pride as employees start to see that this is a high priority and an uptake at the highest levels. That’s been exciting to see. I think things are really growing and expanding in this area. In general, laboratories can be particularly challenging in terms of finding ways to improve sustainability given labs require energy-intensive equipment like ultra-low temperature freezers and single-use plastics for safe sample collections.

Ingrid Oakley-Girvan, PhD, MPH, Senior VP of Research and Strategy, Medable:

 I’m really pleased by the number of our customers that are reaching out to ask us, “Do we have a sustainability plan? Have we started this process?” It’s really heartening to see that there is concern about that and assessing where the gaps are and areas with the greatest potential impact. If you’re just expending a little bit of energy in one place and you put all your eggs in that basket to try to solve that problem—water, or greenhouse gases, etc…from the sustainability metrics—then you can’t get that far. But if you know where there’s a big chunk, that’s the piece that you can focus on, and I think that’s part of why they’re asking us.

Cedric Burg, Chief Operating Officer, Innovaderm:

 I would agree. I would add, I think we’re not one of the big polluters, right? We’re not the mining industry or the oil and gas industry; but what our biggest impact is, apart from the facilities that you both were mentioning as well, I think is the travel. We do a lot of travel to run clinical trials. We organize those large investigative meetings, people flying in from all over the country or all over the world. And of course we’ve got CRAs (clinical research associates) going to sites quite a bit, and, not to forget, we’ve got patients going to sites as well.

I think our biggest challenge is that because we can do a lot of things, we’re still going to need to do quite a bit of travel, and the more trials we’ll do, the more travel. Unless we see a complete decarbonization of travel, we will still have that impact and have to find other ways to mitigate it.

Bryan Spielman, Chief Growth Officer, Advarra:

 It’s hard as a software company when you respond to surveys from pharma companies—we are not a manufacturer, we are not a lab, we don’t do that sort of stuff. But what we do have is a great deal of data that helps you determine what is the optimal site to perform a clinical trial, who are your best patients, what capabilities do those sites have, so that instead of going to 10 different places to hit all the different experiments that [patients] need to have done, [you discover] the one site that has all of them—so let’s direct trial activity to those places. I think using data, using analytics to help improve the operational efficiency of a trial is much better than putting my laptop on low power mode. It’s going to have a lot more of an impact, frankly. And those are some of the ways that we’re thinking about it.

With the complexity of rare diseases trials, sustainable practices might be less of a priority. Should companies face up to their environmental impact at the risk of thousands of rare disease patients potentially missing out on a therapy? What’s the trade-off? Is there a way to balance the two?

Dave Hanaman, President, Co-founder, and Chief Commercial Officer, Curavit Clinical Research: 

The direct answer in my view is no. The research, by definition, is the priority. Priority means “first”—there’s only one first we’re about: research. We can affect research. We are not going to invent the technologies that are going to save the planet. Now, that said, we can be efficient, we can be effective, we can choose sites that are efficient, and do a good job. Those are the things we can do. There is only one priority and that’s the research—and that’s for the patients.

We can and should do these other things, but not in any way, shape, or form that impacts the ultimate research.

 I think there’s also this assumption that if a patient with a rare disease enrolls in a clinical trial, somehow that has a greater carbon footprint than what they would do otherwise if the trial wasn’t available. I’m not sure that actually is an accurate assumption because [patients] could be traveling hither and thither looking for a cure. They could actually have a greater travel carbon footprint, for example, than if they just go to a specific trial site that might be in the same country versus multiple countries away.

Yes, there is a way to balance the two in terms of trade-offs. I think there’s impact in terms of human quality of life and longevity with regards to rare disease, but there’s also an impact to using dirty energy to achieve it. The emissions of greenhouse gas and other pollutants into the air have an enormous impact on human health. So it’s absolutely both. First and foremost, the reason to advance these ambitions is it’s the right thing to do. We all know that—we’re all here because we care about the environment.

There are certainly increasing regulations, and meeting those regulations is something that needs to be done. But, also, there are often cost savings that can be uncovered; often, it supports business growth. Our shareholders and our clients are pushing this program as well. It’s about aligning to a competitive market and, in addition, attracting and retaining good talent. I mentioned that a number of our employees get really excited when they’re involved in the laboratory green teams or when they see leadership championing sustainability ambition. So it has to be both.

Julia Sundari, Senior Director of Clinical Design and Analytics, IQVIA: 

I don’t think it always has to be a disadvantage to our businesses when we focus on sustainability. Because if you can be out on the forefront of this, then your sponsors are going to want to turn toward you if your carbon footprint is lower and if you can offer a clinical trial with a smaller carbon footprint and you have solutions to some of these things. [After all,] they’re looking to do that themselves.

So, from the sponsor down—everybody as a human being on the planet earth—we all really serve the end game of accomplishing this together, whether it’s at work or whether it’s personally in our lives.

 One of the longest-standing challenges in clinical trials over the years has been patient participation, especially within underrepresented populations. How can we address this to make trials more sustainable?

Greater diversity and better efficiencies are important pieces in our experience. [But] the dominant opportunity here is in speed. The faster we do something, the less energy we’re using in conducting it. And then, secondly, the adherence. The more patients we can keep in a trial, the better the adherence, the better the data, potentially, the shorter the trial, etc.

We want to make sure that we don’t forget the carbon impact. So while, absolutely, DCTs (decentralized clinical trials) can impact carbon from a positive effect, at times it’s neutral. If we’re just replacing an on-site visit with a home health nurse physically still traveling to the patient, then it may net the same amount of carbon being used. I think it’s certainly about the design, it’s about looking at how many of these things can we make virtual, how much of the data can actually be wearable, or other ways where it’s electronic data capture directly from the patient. And then, of course, the more we centralize, the more carbon neutral we become, because we hopefully don’t need to physically go to places to see that data and monitor that data.

I think along those lines, injecting technology into sites that have been less research-intensive is also important.

We are partnered with Novartis on its Beacon of Hope initiative, which is about creating centers of excellence at historical black colleges and university medical centers. Why is that good for sustainability? One, we talked about the idea of sustainability—about bringing underserved populations into the process. Two, it’s actually bringing the clinical trial closer to those underserved populations that live in those communities where those medical centers are educating doctors to be able to serve those communities. And I think it’s creating the “clinical research as a care option,” which is also a sustainability benefit.

Technology use is increasing rapidly in clinical trials, especially with the boom of AI and wealth of available data. How is it being used to make trials more sustainable?

 The way I see AI directly impacting the clinical trial space is around leveraging that information on our data. So targeting analytics and machine learning so that we can mine that incoming data remotely—physically have boots on the ground at the site but internally consuming that data and understanding where the risks are and correcting them more quickly, even in the middle of a trial. And being more environmentally sensitive to where we actually do need to send those monitors to the site.

I would say AI/machine learning has so many different applications across each of the areas, and anytime you’re driving efficiency, you’re probably doing something that’s more sustainable. With protocol design, for example, it’s making sure you get it right the first time so you can minimize the number of amendments and modifications that need to be made in the trial to the extent it’s feasible. There’s also quality monitoring, there’s the ability to ingest large amounts of data and determine which sites are our potentially problem sites, and then you deploy your CRAs to those sites as opposed to every single site, which is pretty inefficient.

There’s all sorts of applications, but I think the easiest one is trying to reduce the amount of bodies that you have to send out to various locations.

 I want to raise the other side of the issue. I think there’s also a big risk to using AI in our work, which can create a lot of work that is not necessarily needed. When I started, we had monitoring plans that were half-a-page or a page-long. Now we have 50 page-long, 80-page long monitoring plans. Because we can probably easily do it with AI, I’m afraid we’re going to turn out 180-page or 200-page documents, perfectly written and very well organized without all those typos, but that are really not going to help the monitor. That’s my worry. We also have to be careful about all the new technology because sometimes there’s a lot of hype around it.

 What are some roadblocks we are currently facing in the clinical supply chain? How can they be addressed?

 It’s really a challenge in terms of conserving energy in a laboratory. You’ve got a very large need for energy with regards to HVAC systems, fume hoods, clean air, single-use plastics, and so forth. One of the things that has been extremely helpful for us is partnering with a group called My Green Lab. It’s a nonprofit organization that essentially provides a scored self-assessment survey training across 14 different topics that map onto laboratories. Topics like cold storage, green chemistry, fume hood use, and plug load for equipment.

Starting in 2022, we launched into the My Green Lab certification process to assess our baseline practices. It created a lot of enthusiasm, a roadmap, and a structure for people to latch onto to learn about and engage various sustainability programs and projects. The most important thing is we’ve delivered some real carbon reductions and provided value for our clients. It means something to them for us to be able to say, “These sites are platinum, these sites are green-certified as the highest you can get—gold and bronze and so forth.” It gives sites a tangible roadmap and ambition to move upwards on the podium.

 That sounds like a great program. I know we’ve been working with some of our customers that want us to do what’s called a RAG, a red-amber-green assessment, every 60 days. This includes science-based target initiatives. If we’re sending out sensors, we’re thinking about the packaging, all the energy that goes into making those, how can our sensor vendors be more efficient? That’s a big space.

 In terms of sustainability goals, I find it almost funny the paradox, in my experience, of DCTs and remote data capture. The paradox is that there’s a lot of “stuff” now that you’ve got to get out to the patients. It used to be all the “stuff” was at the sites and the patients just had to get there. I think this logistics question is a really important one because the more we take advantage of these digital processes and technologies, the more we as CROs, sponsors, and companies take on the challenge of getting this stuff out to the participants in the trial.

There’s a couple of different ways to think about that. One is simply that policy and regulation can drive this a little bit. The other is thinking about medical grade products and the cost and the energy that it takes to build them. What is it we’re trying to collect from that patient? Do we need to spend ‘X’ and do it using an Apple Watch or do we have to spend ‘10X’ for some medical grade component that has a much heavier energy footprint and is thrown out after the trial?

There are so many products out there that don’t have to be reinvented for clinical trials, don’t have to be reinvented for care—but can simply be repurposed through algorithms. So just creatively thinking about simple ways to get simple products out into people’s hands.

What does having more sustainability in clinical trials look like from your perspective in five years? What do you hope the industry can accomplish by then?

I feel like we’re on sort of a wave where more and more companies are getting to the point where they’re willing to commit to their goals—their science-based target goals—and having those approved. I would say that would be the first step for wherever you sit in the business—to make sure that your company, your corporation, your part of this industry is focused on it.

I think for clinical trials at large, we touched on many of the things that I would say are probably the handholds or footholds. It’s digitizing for sure. It’s making sure that we’re using technology to our best as far as the end-to-end supply chain; making sure that we’re designing protocols as intelligently as possible; and that we aren’t incurring additional manufacturing, shipping, and travel wherever possible. However, how we can do those things most intelligently across the board is really the goal.

 And to build on that, Julia, you mentioned SBTI—the science-based target initiatives. I think transition to renewables at a number of our sites is important, either through purchase agreements or installations and packaging in kits that go out to patients. Reworking those so that they’re sustainable. I also spend a lot of time thinking about culture because I’m in environmental health and safety and sustainability; both of those things really depend on employees being energized and engaged and having a sense of ownership.

I see that happening already, but in five years, my hope is that it’s even stronger and it’s something that we see around the world. I think we have an opportunity as the younger population is coming into our workforce to take advantage of the fact that they really care about this.

 We’ve talked about a lot of technologies today, such as AI, that are creeping in upstream from us and already being adopted. So I think at a very simple level, those things will be flowing through to us and will be more sustainable as a result.

But I’m going to pick up on Bill, who mentioned the word culture. To me, the big driver here is that in five years, I actually think our industry is going to look a lot different, and I think it’s going to be because of, not the intersection, but maybe the collision of tech and health. We’re a small segment of the healthcare industry. I think the industry is going to be radically disrupted in the next three to five years by these technologies, but more importantly, by the culture and by the people that we’re going to have around us and part of us in designing these things.

I think it comes down to folks like us on this call designing these trials from first principles—not designing them the way we’ve always done and then shoehorning technology into them, but designing them from first principles with a knowledge of what actually can be done.

I think that in the next three to five years, we’ll see a massive shift in that mentality.

 I think more excitement around this as a sustainable industry is actually a good marketing position to have. Again, you want to attract younger people to clinical research, and they are attracted to sites that are greener and attracted to what’s viewed as a more sustainable process. I think that will help.

Industry leaders discuss the progress and path forward for the clinical trials enterprise in meeting its environmental mandate.

Status Check: Science & Sustainability

Congressional leaders, as well as regulated industry, want more information from FDA on its strategy for resuming inspections of manufacturing facilities to better assure the quality, safety and efficacy of medical products. The suspension of in-person field inspections in March 2020 has resulted in a huge backlog of delayed site visits, as FDA sent investigators only to those operations deemed “mission critical.”

FDA acting commissioner Janet Woodcock recently confirmed that the agency is returning to normal procedures for domestic inspections, although foreign inspections still will be limited to mission-critical situations. In testimony before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee on July 20, 2021, Woodcock outlined FDA’s plan to “transition to standard operations” for U.S. inspections, which still means focusing on higher-risk establishments and scheduling postponed surveillance inspections based on risk.

Meanwhile, Congressional leaders continue to demand more information on how and when FDA will resume standard operating procedures for inspections, reflecting concerns that postponed oversight may delay the approval of new drugs and biologics. In a lengthy letter to Woodcock dated July 22, 2021, Republicans and Democrats on the House Energy and Commerce Committee requested details on the status of foreign inspections; whether delayed inspections are hindering the approval of applications for new drugs, generics and biosimilars; FDA’s ability to utilize inspection reports from trusted inspectorates; and how FDA’s data modernization initiative will improve its inspection program. The legislators also want to know how much of the $38.3 million provided FDA to help address the pandemic is being used to support the resumption of domestic and foreign inspections, and the impact of FDA’s decision to pre-announce all inspections for the foreseeable future.

FDA normally conducts nearly 1,000 foreign and domestic inspections a year for medical products, but has made less than 100 critical site visits in the U.S. in the last two years, and only a handful overseas. In its “Resiliency Roadmap for FDA Inspectional Oversight” issued May 5, 2021, FDA acknowledged that it had postponed most inspections in 2020 due to the pandemic, focusing primarily on manufacturing operations producing drugs needed to prevent critical shortages and to support the approval of novel drugs or treatments for COVID-19.

 For 2021 the agency has some 15,000 domestic surveillance inspections on its to-do list, most of those involving food and other products, but a third related to drugs.

To better manage this considerable volume of inspection work, FDA is aims to enhance the Office of Regional Affairs (ORA) field inspection program through the agency’s data modernization initiative to provide cross-program interoperability, Woodcock reported to the Senate panel. This includes new technology supporting regulatory assessments to improve the receipt, review and analysis of industry data and records, including a review of inspectional approaches using next-generation assessment technologies.

Furthermore, FDA has established a new agency-wide Inspectional Affairs Council to better coordinate inspection approaches and assessments across product centers. This panel aims to “optimize the inspection process,” explained Judith McMeekin, associate commissioner for regulatory affairs, in a presentation July 14, 2021 to the Alliance for a Stronger FDA. McMeekin, who manages ORA’s 5000 inspectors and other staffers, noted that the Council will provide a forum for the leadership of FDA centers to jointly assess strategies and policy issues across operations to ensure optimal use of resources.

McMeekin reported that ORA has conducted about 30 mission critical foreign inspections during the pandemic, which has involved a tremendous effort to mitigate risks to investigators. ORA also worked to facilitate the emergency approval of vital vaccines to combat the pandemic by devising methods to inspect key vaccine clinical research sites, collaborating with the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) to plan the visits. In just four weeks, a team of more than 50 ORA investigators inspected 26 clinical research facilities to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data to be considered by FDA’s vaccine advisory committee. Here, FDA sent in two inspectors, instead of one, to assess data in the shortest amount of time, supplying them with portable projectors able to review documents from a distance.

McMeekin also highlighted ORA’s need for additional funding, particularly to enhance its operations related to drugs and medical products. Only 10% of its budget is supported by user fees, she explained, and most of its appropriated funds are allotted to food safety and oversight. To expand its drug inspection activities, lab capacity and scrutiny of more imported packages containing drugs, ORA is looking to tap more medical product user fee funds, while also increasing appropriated support to bolster its staff dealing with medical devices and biologics, as well as its cadre of foreign inspectors.

In going forward with scheduling of site visits in the U.S., FDA is utilizing a rating system to assess the number of COVID-19 cases in the local area and risks to personnel, in consultation with state and local authorities. And for now, the agency also is pre-announcing domestic inspections to ensure a facility is available and safe for FDA staffers to visit. But FDA officials recognize that it will take some time to restart its foreign drug inspection program due to the more extensive planning required to arrange for safe travel and site visits.

https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Woodcock%20Testimony.pdf

https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/07.22.21-EC-Letter-to-FDA.pdf

https://www.fda.gov/media/148197/download

FDA acting commissioner Janet Woodcock has outlined FDA’s plan to “transition to standard operations” for U.S. inspections.

FDA Under Pressure to Restore “Normal” Drug Inspections

In the face of a host of contentious and controversial policy decisions, President Biden appears poised to bring in an experienced and well-regarded hand to lead FDA. The agency has lacked a permanent leader for more than eight months, as the White House has been unable to identify a new commissioner acceptable to the politicians and interest groups on all sides.

So, as the clock has ticked down on the Nov. 15 deadline for Janet Woodcock to vacate her acting commissioner role, potentially forcing Biden to appoint another acting commissioner, word is out that the White House will name cardiologist and research pro Robert Califf to the top job, a position he held for almost a year at the end of the Obama administration.

Califf’s appointment will bring much-needed stability to FDA as it contends with a host of difficult policy decisions involving vaccines, new anti-COVID therapeutics, access to e-cigarettes, accelerated approval programs and budget priorities. Califf may face opposition in the Senate, as partisan politics has come to the fore on all sides. Although hewins plaudits for his experience in medical research and his familiarity with FDA operations and requirements, some consumer advocates and liberals criticize his close ties to industry and pro-development attitude. He will need support from Republicans, which may be more tenuous in today’s hotly divisive climate on Capitol Hill.

Another factor driving the FDA nomination is the recent announcement of retirement plans by Francis Collins, long-time director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Biden will want to name a new leader for NIH before the end of the year, and that provides an opening to bring a woman scientist into the administration’s health and science leadership cadre.

Hopefully, the politicians will recognize the importance of experienced leadership for the nation’s leading health agencies and put aside partisan politics to agree on a new FDA commissioner, and then a new leader at NIH. FDA has been well-served by acting commissioner Woodcock, but her tenuous position has exposed her to criticism and second-guessing on all sides. With a global pandemic still raging, a seasoned hand is needed to stabilize FDA’s exhausted workforce, ensure funding continuity, and steer debate and decisions on many difficult scientific and policy issues.

Rumor has it the White House will name cardiologist and research pro Robert Califf to the top FDA job, a position he held for nearly a year at the end of the Obama administration. But he may face opposition in the Senate.

Lillian Carroll

Articles

Latest Updated Articles